Schoolwork, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Homework, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities There is a significant inconsistency in the quantity of hours youths or youngsters go through in repaid work across various nations (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Need paper test on Homework, Paid Jobs, and Leisure Activities subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Actually, youngsters in the United States work more hours when contrasted with the others living in different nations (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Notwithstanding that, as indicated by authentic organization, youngsters whose sexual orientation are organically guys work more than that of the females; the females are typically assisting in their homes own errands, which is generally an unpaid activity, obviously (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). In the interim, factual data accumulated show that youngsters from China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan use 10% additional time on concentrating as contrasted and those in the United States (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Truth be told, youngsters in China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan use five and a half hours to seven and a half hours concentrating just on homework while those in the United States just extra three to four and a half hours for it (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). Then again, as far as time spent on relaxation exercises, youngsters who stay in China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Taiwan spend just twenty five to thirty five percent of their time on such (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). Youngsters in Europe anyway spend roughly thirty five to forty five percent of their time on recreation exercises (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). The previously mentioned is a lot lesser than the time spent by youngsters in the United States since they burn through forty to fifty percent on recreation exercises (Santrock, 2008, p. 431). For example, youngsters in the United States spend time with their companions/colleagues a great deal, they additionally mess around/sports, take part in leisure activities, utilize various types of media, and cooperate with others by joining certain associations (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). This is vastly different with the way East Asian youngsters spend their relaxation time (Santrock, 2008, p. 432). Youngsters, at that point in the US and different districts of the world vary as far as the time they spend on homework, repaid employments, just as, recreation exercises. Reference Santrock, J. (2008). Youthfulness, twelfth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Cybercrime Continue to Rise Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Continue to Rise Essay Cybercrime is expanding at a disturbing rate worldwide with in excess of a million people turning out to be casualties each and every day, as indicated by the Norton Cybercrime Report 2011. The survivors of cybercrime likewise paid the consequences with an all out loss of US$388bil (RM1. 21bil) to cybercriminals in 2010. Effendy Ibrahim, executive of purchaser business at Symantec Asia Pacific, said that cybercrimes don’t just cost casualties monetarily however genuinely as well. All things considered, it takes 10 days for a casualty to recoup from a cybercrime and it very well may be passionate also considering the measure of information they lose,† he said at the dispatch of Norton 2012, Symantec’s most recent cybersecurity arrangement. Be that as it may, casualties could have set aside themselves cash and lament as the sort of cybercrimes they succumbed to were preventable. The report found that the most well-known sort of cybercrimes are malware, tricks and dangers focused at cell phones. Anyway numerous individuals will in general belittle the perils of online wrongdoing believing that it will happen to every other person yet themselves. The overview found that seven out of 10 grown-ups figured they would more probable be a survivor of physical wrongdoing instead of an online wrongdoing. â€Å"This is a waiting demeanor clients have when they are disconnected and it gets reproduced when they are online,† Effendy said. The report likewise found that men, especially those in the age Y segment, are destined to become survivors of cybercrimes. â€Å"Men invest more energy on the web and accomplish more ‘dangerous’ activities,† Effendy said. The report expressed that more men watch grown-up substance, bet and take an interest in internet dating locales contrasted with ladies. All these are social building strategies and it’s very simple to fall casualties to such tactics,† Effendy said. Nearby danger scene Although Malaysia wasn’t in the rundown of nations concentrated in the report, national the internet police Cybersecurity Malaysia said the discoveries are illustrative of the Malaysian danger scene. â€Å"It is a similar situation, so whatever that is going on the planet will influence us the equivalent way,† said Cybersecurity Malaysia CEO, Lt Col (Rtd) Prof Datuk Husin Jazri. He said the Malaysian cyberthreat scene is no less disturbing with more than 10,000 cases revealed each month up till August this year. A year ago, Cybersecurity Malaysia got more than 8,000 reports about cybercrime through its cyber999 hotline. Its Cyber Early Warning System has likewise identified more than 5,000,000 security dangers up until August. Given the expanding measure of cyberthreats, Husin said there is a requirement for progressively proactive measures to keep more Internet clients from turning out to be cybercrime casualties and it will take more than looking into or improving current cybersecurity laws. â€Å"Amending laws require some serious energy and it is more slow than the predominant issue. We have to strengthen instruction and mindfulness endeavors to teach clients on Internet risks,† he said. Husin said Cybersecurity Malaysia is available to working with security arrangement suppliers like Symantec to think of cybersecurity mindfulness programs. Cybersecurity Malaysia as of now has a rundown of home-made security devices, for example, DontPhishMe, DNSwatch and MyPHPiPs that shields clients from cybercriminals which can be downloaded for nothing. It is likewise dealing with building up a Cyber Clinic which will offer a broad rundown of cybersecurity administrations to PC clients. The facility is required to be prepared before the year's end.

What We Learned from 2018s WorldKidLit Month

What We Learned from 2018s WorldKidLit Month Three years ago, a small group of translators and literature-boosters started WorldKidLit Month. In 2016, we kicked off the first-ever month with a list of 100 Great Translated Childrens Books. These books hailed from around the world. We were inspired by Women in Translation Month, the fantastically successful initiative begun by Meytal Radzinski in 2014. Each August, #WiTMonth encourages readers and critics to engage womens writing in translation. We thought September, as the back-to-school month, would be a good time to celebrate childrens literature in translation. Why #WorldKidLit? But: Why should young people read literature in translation? Ilan Stavans, the publisher of Yonder, said in an interview with WordsWithoutBorders  that childhood is the time for translations. It is precisely at a young age…when the strongest impact can be made in terms of exposing people to other cultures. A new sensibility can emerge. Cheryl Robson, the publisher at Aurora Metro, talked about the importance of bringing great writing to English. The proportion of children’s literature that is translated into English is extremely low, depriving English readers of some of the best children’s writers in the world today. Many librarians are keenly aware of how important it is to diversify their collections. But diversity of stories doesnt mean only reflecting populations inside ones country. That doesnt give children access to the world and all its various beauties. We need to also bring children diverse translations. And, indeed, this means not stocking only translations from France and Germany, but also from Indian languages, from Indonesia, from Egypt, from Brazil. It means not only books that conform to our expectations for what a childrens book can do. But also books that explode them. What Does #WorldKidLit Month Do? This year, our small group expanded to a wider one, with participating librarians, publishers, booksellers, reviewers, critics, and translators. The best part: seeing #WorldKidLit displays in libraries and bookshops around the U.S.! On the WKL website, we ran 34 different essays, interviews, lists, excerpts, and reviews about childrens literature from around the  world. In 2018, we found participation jump in the twitter hashtags: #WorldKidLit, #WorldKidLitMonth, and #WorldKidLitChallenge, as well as participation in the WorldKidLit Facebook group. Top 5 Posts: Celebration of the World Our months top posts show a keen interest in diversifying collections. Of course, people were interested in whats new. But they were also interested in learning about childrens books from Russia, Asia, and Latin America. Also, in how to diversify library collections. Our top five: New in 2017-18: Children’s Books Translated into  English Sharing the Russian Stories and Poems that Shaped Translator Jane Bugaeva’s  Childhood 10 Books: Vibrant Fun Latin American Children’s  Lit World Kid Lit: Learning ‘Other Ways to Discover Books for a Library Collection’ 2018 Asian Festival of Children’s Content: Pushing Back against ‘West is Best,’ Creating ‘Stories of  Us’ WorldKidLit Month will be back again next year. We definitely need to reach out more to librarians, teachers, and booksellers. And also hopefully, next year, directly to kids! Sign up to The Kids Are All Right to receive news and recommendations from the world of kid lit and middle grade books.

Censorship is an Integral Part of Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 613 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? Censorship is the restriction of speech, communication or other information. Censorship affects our society in different ways. Censorship is usually determined by the government or a private foundation. It influences the music we tune in to, news articles, films, and the books we read. Censorship is a widely debated topic, and can be harmful or protective. It is possible to argue that censorship, (deleting offensive things from books, movies, etc.), has no place in a nation that focuses on freedom of expression. Be that as it may, censorship is a vital part of a growing society. It is required in the TV and film industry, the web, and the music business. By controlling some material, children are shielded from harm. Censorship improves the world because it creates a more secure world for us to live in. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Censorship is an Integral Part of Society" essay for you Create order There are numerous advantages from censorship, however, it does have its own imperfections. Censorship can be applied with the wrong motive, and can have a negative effect on everyone involved. For instance, it unmistakably restricts the right to speak freely, and intrudes on creativity. In any case, it has been beneficial over the years by having censorship in place. Censorship prevents individuals from plagiarizing another person’s work or to reveal private data. Through censorship, private data can remain relatively secure. It likewise avoids discrimination of any belief. Most advantages of censorship we don’t notice or see continually. It is typically covered up, yet can be pointed out in various forms of media. Censorship is an essential part of TV. Without it, television would not be suitable for younger viewers. Censorship filters out nudity, violence, the use of profanity, and other obscene gestures during youth viewing hours. However, during prime time the rules are different. The rating can be found in the corner of the screen, and the guardians can change the channel (Papish v. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri). However, many parents do not have the time to actually monitor what the children are watching. So most kids wind up watching the shows anyway. The truth is that television educates children in both positive and negative ways. In order to minimize the negative effects, the censorship laws must be stricter. Censorship on the internet is important as well, however, it is not currently very widespread. The reason it is not utilized so regularly is because it is too expensive, and costs time and effort to control billions of pages on the web (Censorship in three metaphors). Everybody can go on the internet and look into data on anything that intrigues them. Different websites are available through many search engines so anyone can unintentionally see these sites. The censors must play a greater role in making the internet a safer place everyone. In order to do this, standards need to be raised. Censorship is also an issue in the music industry. The First Amendment protects the artists because of the freedom to express oneself (The First Amendment Encyclopedia).Music is a form of self-articulation, so that artists can sing about whatever they choose. Unfortunately, most songwriters sing about brutality and prejudice because it generates lots of money. Censorship, however, regulates the music on the radio and television which restricts the media coverage of artists. Censorship is an integral part of society, without restrictions in TV, the web, and the entertainment industry, the country would be a terrifying place. There would be more violence and explicit shows on daytime television, the internet would be worse, and the music industry would be full of inappropriate lyrics. Because of censors the possibilities are kept to a minimum, creating a better society for people to live in.

Motives for Murder in Edgar Allan Poes The Black Cat

The Black Cat  shares many characteristics with Edgar Allan Poes The Tell-Tale Heart: an unreliable narrator, a brutal and inexplicable murder (two, actually), and a murderer whose arrogance leads to his downfall. Both stories were originally published in 1843, and both have been widely adapted for theater, radio, television, and film. For us, neither story satisfactorily explains the murderers motives. Yet, unlike The Tell-Tale Heart, The Black Cat makes extensive attempts to do so, which makes it a thought-provoking (if somewhat unfocused) story. Alcoholism One explanation that comes up early in the story is alcoholism. The narrator refers to the Fiend Intemperance and talks about how drinking changed his formerly gentle demeanor. And its true that during many of the violent events of the story, hes drunk or drinking. However, we  cant help but notice that even though he isnt drunk as hes telling the story, he still shows no remorse. That is, his attitude on the night before his execution isnt very different from his attitude during the other events of the story. Drunk or sober, hes not a likable guy. The Devil Another explanation the story offers is something along the lines of the devil made me do it. The story contains references to the superstition that black cats are really witches, and the first black cat is inauspiciously named Pluto, the same name as the Greek god of the underworld. The narrator deflects blame for his actions by calling the second cat the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder. But even if we grant that this second cat, who appears mysteriously and on whose chest a gallows seems to form, is somehow bewitched, it still doesnt provide a motive for the murder of the first cat. Perverseness A third possible motive has to do with what the narrator calls the spirit of PERVERSENESS—the desire to do something wrong precisely because you know its wrong. The narrator posits that its human nature to experience this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself—to offer violence to its own nature—to do wrong for the wrongs sake only. If you agree with him that humans are drawn to break the law just because its the law, then perhaps the explanation of perverseness will satisfy you. But were  not convinced, so we continue to find it unfathomable not that humans are drawn to do wrong for wrongs sake (because were not sure they are), but that this particular character is drawn to it (because he certainly seems to be).    Resistance to Affection It seems to me that the narrator offers a smorgasbord of possible motives partly because he has no idea what his motives are. And we  think the reason he has no idea of his motives is that hes looking in the wrong place. Hes obsessed with cats, but really, this is a story about the murder of a human. The narrators wife is undeveloped and virtually invisible in this story. We know that she loves animals, just as the narrator supposedly does. We know that he offer[s] her personal violence and that she is subject to his ungovernable outbursts. He refers to her as his uncomplaining wife, and in fact, she doesnt even make a sound when he murders her! Through it all, she is unfailingly loyal to him, much like the cats. And he cant stand it. Just as he is disgusted and annoyed by the second black cats loyalty, we  think he is repulsed by his wifes steadfastness. He wants to believe that that level of affection is possible only from animals: There is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of him who has frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man. But he himself is not up to the challenge of loving another human being, and when faced with her loyalty, he recoils. Only when both cat and wife are gone does the narrator sleep well, embracing his status as a freeman and looking upon [his] future felicity as secured. He wants to escape from police detection, of course, but also from having to experience any real emotions, regardless of the tenderness, he brags he once possessed.

Control of Sex in Advertising Free Essays

string(76) " promotion of products and services associated with sexual intercourse \(e\." The Control of â€Å"Sex in Advertising† in France Jean J. Boddewyn, and Esther Loubradou The growing use and abuse of sex in French advertising prompted strong reactions from consumer and feminist associations, and resulted in extensive and strict public and private controls. Recently, the French self-regulatory system has developed a system involving various stakeholder organizations to analyze social trends related to the acceptability of sexually-oriented ads, develop new voluntary guidelines, solicit complaints and handle them through an independent Jury. We will write a custom essay sample on Control of Sex in Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now The number and proportion of controversial ads has significantly decreased, and French advertising practitioners have been nudged to accept greater professional responsibility in exchange for the freedom of creativity to which they aspire. A few U. S. developments parallel this increasing cooperation between the public and private controllers of the old issue of â€Å"taste and decency in advertising† which is not fading in societal importance. Jean J. Boddewyn is Emeritus Professor of Marketing and International Business, Baruch College (CUNY) (email: Jean. Boddewyn@Baruch. CUNY. edu). He has written extensively since the 1980s on the regulation and self-regulation of advertising around the world. Esther Loubradou holds a Master’s Degree in Communications and a post-graduate degree in Mass Media Law. She is a doctoral candidate in Advertising, Law and Communications at the University of Toulouse, France. Her dissertation deals with Decency and Sexual Content in Mass Media in France (email: eloubradou@yahoo. fr). 1 Keywords: sex in advertising, advertising control by state and industry in France and the United States. Many Americans probably associate the French with sexual laxness and have seen their sexcharged ads for perfumes and cosmetics. Yet, France applies very detailed and strict controls – both public and private – to the use of sex in advertising and courts have ruled in a few notorious cases. Besides, its advertising self-regulatory body reports annually to a government ministry about the progress of its endeavors after conducting an annual survey of sex-related ads in certain media, and relatively few ads have recently been found in violation of French laws and industry guidelines. What explains this paradoxical situation, what are the special causes and features of the French control of sex in advertising, and – briefly – how does the U. S. system compare with it? Since nothing has been published in English on the French control system bearing on sex in advertising, this short Note has to be mainly descriptive and interpretive as a springboard for more theoretical and policy-related research. Still, in answer to admonitions to involve various disciplines (Richards 2009; Rotfeld and Stafford 2007; Rotfeld and Taylor 2009), this study is multi-disciplinary to the extent that cultural (e. g. the evolution of sexual mores), political (e. g. , the impact of pressure groups), legal (e. g. , the development of â€Å"co-regulation† combining public and private initiatives) and ethical (e. g. , the â€Å"professionalization† of advertising practitioners) factors are used to interpret the French situation. One of the authors is French and an expert in communication law while the second one is American and has conducted many studies of advertising regulation and self-regulation in multiple countries. This Note’s public-policy implications are less evident because of the significant differences between the French and U. S. legal and self-regulatory systems, which preclude easy cross-border borrowings. Yet, there is a significant evolution in the United States toward greater cooperation 2 between the U. S. government and some self-regulatory bodies, which is briefly outlined in the last section of this Note. This development can benefit from knowing how the French system has moved toward combining the compulsory and voluntary approaches to the control of sex in advertising, and how the doubts expressed about the effectiveness of self-regulation (e. g. , Rotfeld 2003) can be partly assuaged. Besides, valid concerns keep being expressed in the United States about the potential impact of â€Å"sexualized violence† against women in ads on the acceptance of such behavior (Capella, Hill, Rapp and Kees 2010) so that the abuse of sex in advertising is likely to remain an important U. S. socio-political issue whose resolution can profit from knowing the French experience. For these purposes, we will start by analyzing the stimuli that prompted French legal and self-regulatory responses, and conclude with a brief comparison of the French and U. S. control systems. Stimulus: the â€Å"Sex in Advertising† Issue Sex in advertising† as a form of â€Å"selling sin† (Davidson 2003) has long generated negative reactions. Thus, the first International Code of Advertising Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce already stated in Article 1 of its 1937 Rules that: â€Å"Advertisements should not contain statements or visual representations which offend against prevailing standards of decency. † This principle has been adopted by many developed and developing countries, and it is expressed in one form or another in their laws and codes of conduct. Much of the decency issue used to be about goods and services thought to be â€Å"unmentionable† (e. g. toilet paper and feminine-hygiene products) and whether an ad’s execution was in â€Å"good taste† and shown at the appropriate time – with the radio and television broadcasting of objectionable commercials being limited to late hours of the day. Nowadays, sexually-oriented ads apply to all sorts of goods and services (e. g. , clothing, perfumes, jewelry, 3 alcohol, video games, cell phones and movies), they are available on the Internet at all hours, and they frequently emanate from advertisers in the luxury-goods sector (e. g. , Dior). Such audacious practices reflect the modern sexualization of mores and values in Western countries (e. . , Giddens 19 93; McNair 1996; Reichert 2003) – with several French books having such evocative titles and subtitles as â€Å"The Pornographic Consensus,† â€Å"Sexyvilisation† and â€Å"The Tyranny of Pleasure. † It helps explain the advent around 2000 of sexually-oriented ads that combine pornography, violence and submission, and reflect McNair’s (2002) â€Å"Porno-chic† concept which incorporates into cultural production some practices (such as fellatio) and taboos (such as pedophilia) that transfer the transgressive qualities of pornography into mainstream culture. To categorize the scope of sex in advertising, Loubradou (2004, 2010) developed the concept of â€Å"hypersexuality† (also used by the French self-regulatory system) to encompass: (1) full nudity and/or sexual organs shown in close-ups; (2) the promotion of products and services associated with sexual intercourse (e. You read "Control of Sex in Advertising" in category "Essay example s" g. , condoms, lubricants, escort services and sex toys); (3) â€Å"Sex and Shockvertising† that combines sexual information with fear and shock – a strategy particularly used in public-service campaigns about AIDS and against child abuse, (4) showing or evoking sexual intercourse, homosexual relations, fellatio, sadomasochism and violence against women, and (5) sheer pornography as in an Internet ad exhibiting fellatio. Such ads generate four major types of objections (Boddewyn 1989, pp. 9-32; 1991, p. 26): sexism covers distinctions which diminish or demean one gender in comparison with the other – particularly, through the use of sex-role stereotypes; sexual objectification refers to using The expression â€Å"Porno-chic† was first used in 1973 by a New York Times journalist when the porn movie Deep Throat was released because people thought it was â€Å"chic† (that is, trendy) to watch it. McNair (2002, p. 2) defined â€Å"Porno-chic† as a wide process of cultural sexualization and pornographication of mainstream culture engaged â€Å"in an unprecedented flirtation with the codes and conventions of the pornographic, producing texts which constantly refer to, pastiche, parody and deconstruct the latter. † As he put it: â€Å"Porno-chic is not porn, but the representation of porn in non-pornographic art and culture† (p. 1). 1 4 (mostly) women as decorative or attention-getting objects while sexuality relies on sensual, suggestive and erotic imagery, sound and wording, and is sometimes combined with the depiction of violence against women in ads showing them in harmful, subservient and helpless positions. French reactions to these excesses have been strong. French Responses Incensed Pressure Groups Of the dozen French consumer associations legally recognized and financially subsidized by the government, most are linked to family organizations and a few to militant labor unions, and they are officially acknowledged as valid partners in discussions and negotiations with public and business bodies for the purpose of ensuring consumer protection broadly defined (Trumbull, 2006). These organizations and, later on, environmental ones have been granted a formal â€Å"political voice† – a formal status which the French advertising industry has only received very recently (see below). Besides, feminist groups enraged by the treatment of women in advertising have been very influential in France although they have not so far received the same official recognition as consumer and environmental organizations because of their fragmented and sometimes aggressive nature. Thus, vocal organizations with such evocative names as The Hunting Pack, Guardbitches and Advertising Wreckers managed in the 1980s to focus the â€Å"sex in advertising† issue around sexist discrimination, the objectification of women and the violence shown against them – the latter following studies revealing the extent of actual brutality against women (beatings, rapes, etc. ). Feminists stressed the disjunction between the extended roles and functions of women in modern society, compared to their narrow depiction in advertising (Rapport IFP 2001, pp. -6), and their campaigns have often been reported and discussed in the media which have spread and amplified these groups’ demands for more regulations. 5 Public controls Two principles compete as far as the French regulation of sex in advertising is concerned – namely, freedom of expression and protecting the dignity of human beings (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19) – as expressed by the first article of t he Freedom of Communication Law (No. 86-107 of 30 September 1986): Audio-visual communication is free. The exercise of this freedom may be limited only to the extent required, on the one hand, for the respect of human dignity, the freedom and property of other people, the pluralistic nature of the expression of ideas and opinions and, on the other hand, for the safeguarding of law and order, for national-defense and public-service reasons, for technical reasons inherent to the means of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry. Besides, Article 3 of the Executive Decree of 27 March 1992 requires that commercials respect truth, decency and human dignity, and avoid discrimination and violence that incite dangerous behaviors. Article 227-24 of the French penal code prohibits the diffusion by any medium of messages of a violent or pornographic nature and likely to seriously harm human dignity when they can be seen by a minor. The government’s Conseil Superieur de l’Audiovisuel (CSA) is charged with controlling advertising messages after their broadcasting in order to enhance the respect of human dignity, protect children and adolescents, and prohibit messages inciting hatred or violence on account of gender (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 19-20). Searching for New Values Particularly evident in these legal texts are the repeated references to â€Å"the dignity of human beings† – a principle already enunciated in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). The highlighting of this concept reflects the search for new post-modern values which would justify representations of liberated women in advertisements without caricaturing or mocking their new freedoms, opportunities and responsibilities. In this respect, French feminist pressure groups provided a new discourse aimed at promoting the positive â€Å"image of 6 women† in advertising although, by excluding men, their initiative generated charges of reverse sexism! However, French public opinion and policy were concurrently shifting toward banning all forms of discrimination based on gender, age, race, role and handicap so that a compromise could be achieved by adopting a new unisex principle that emphasized the respect of human dignity and thereby protected everyone against objectionable treatments in editorial materials, programs and advertising (Rapport IFP 2001), This new principle was incorporated in various French laws after 1986 and in industry guidelines, starting in 2001. Court Decisions The Penal Code has not been used so far because of the high cost of criminal suits, the reluctance of judges to act as â€Å"censors of artistic creation† (Rapport IFM 2008, p. 20) and their fear of being ridiculed as reactionaries, and the difficulty for associations to sue in criminal courts (Teyssier 2004, p. 168). Thus, it was the Civil Code’s basic Article 1382, which obliges whoever injured others to compensate them for the legal damage he/she caused, which was used to condemn Benetton in 1996 for three 1991 billboards showing an elbow, a pubic area and a pair of buttocks stamped â€Å"H. I. V. positive. † A French governmental agency (AFLS) charged with informing the public about AIDS sued Benetton and was paid damages on the ground of this advertiser having undermined the human dignity of those affected by this disease by evoking the way meat is stamped and the tattooing of concentration-camp inmates during World War II, besides marginalizing a group of people by representing them as a marked population. Private Controls The previously mentioned â€Å"Pornochic† transgressions prompted the French advertising selfregulatory body to improve its responses to growing criticisms of the use of sex in advertising. In particular, it triggered its October 2001 â€Å"Recommendation† (Image de la Personne Humaine) fostering the dignity of human beings in the representation of people in advertisements. This 7 voluntary guideline states that ads should not hurt their audiences’ feelings nor shock people by showing demeaning or alienating nudity, violence against people – especially women – or depicting people as objects. Concerned about the impact of advertising on minors, an April 2005 Recommendation specified that Internet ads should not harm the â€Å"physical and moral integrity of its young public† by promoting illicit, aggressive, dangerous and antisocial behaviors, challenging the authority of parents and educators, representing children and adolescents in degrading manners, presenting them with indecent or violent images and speech that may shock them, and exploiting their inexperience or credulity. In the same vein, a May 2007 Recommendation applying to erotic electronic services is aimed at promoting human dignity, the fair and true information of consumers and the protection of young audiences. The French Advertising Self-regulatory System The Professional Advertising Regulation Authority (Autorite de la Regulation Professionelle de la Publicite, ARPP) was created in June 2008 as a private association completely independent of the government. However, it reports to a French ministry about its pursuit of violations of taste and decency in advertising because its 2003 Commitment Chart (Charte d’Engagement) requires it to submit an annual report on â€Å"The Image of Human Beings in Advertising† to the Minister in charge of Parity and Professional Equity, and to distribute it to the public at large. 3 Self-regulatory controls are applied both a priori and a posteriori. In the first place, French advertisers, agencies and media members of the ARPP may apply for non-binding copy advice by its legal experts at the pre-publication stage (15,196 projects were scrutinized in 2009). However, pre-clearance is mandatory before the broadcasting of all television commercials, and the ARPP can require modifications and even ban the proposed commercial if it is in breach of The ARPP is the successor of self-regulatory bodies dating of 1935, and it was named the Advertising Verification Bureau (Bureau de Verification de la Publicite, BVP) from 1953 to 2008. The French government itself commissions independent studies such as the â€Å"Report on the Image of Women in the Media† (Rapport IFM 2008) that was solicited by the State Secretary for Solidarity. 2 8 the law and its Recommendations. A posteriori, the ARPP monitors ads on a random basis in all media except television where the government’s Superior Audiovisual Council (CSA) prevails. ARPP pena lties consist of asking â€Å"transgressors† to modify or remove their ads, requesting the media to stop diffusing an offending ad, and the possibility of taking violators to court. Its decisions are widely publicized, and campaigns are regularly conducted to make the ARPP’s principles, recommendations and services better known as well as to incite advertising professionals to act responsibly. The previous BVP self-regulatory body handled complaints from consumers and competitors but the new ARPP structure is more comprehensive and includes external stakeholders. It comprises: (1) an advisory Advertising Ethics Council (CEP) chaired by an independent academic to â€Å"anticipate† new societal developments; (2) an Advertising Parity Council (CPP) of which half of the members represent consumer and environmental associations, and which â€Å"concerts† with industry representatives about the need for new self-regulatory rules, and (3) an independent Advertising Deontology Jury (JDP) made up of persons who have no links with industry or consumer associations to solicit and â€Å"sanction† complaints from the public in order to complement the ARPP’s monitoring of ads. Impressive Results The 2006 BVP report to the Minister in charge of parity between the sexes dealt only with posters and billboards because they are highly visible to all audiences – young and adult, pleased or offended. Of 4,288 â€Å"visuals,† only 8 (or 0. 19%) were considered to be violating its Recommendations. In all cases, the advertisers removed their ads, and the BVP credited the willingness of most outdoor advertisers to consult it before diffusing their ads for the low incidence of violations. Its report for 2007 (ARPP 2008) dealt with the Image of Human Beings in Advertising – with such subtitles as â€Å"Does advertising diffuse sexual stereotypes? † â€Å"Are there too many images connoting sexuality? † and â€Å"Where does Pornochic stand today? † It covered outdoor advertising, newspapers and magazines – except those publications targeted at adult audiences (e. g. , girlie† magazines) – and it compared the sampled ads with its Recommendation on the representation of human beings in advertising, whose images should not offend human dignity, undermine decency, objectify/reify people, present denigrating stereotypes, induce ideas of submission, domination or dependence and/or present moral or physical violence. Out of 89,076 monitored ads, 96 (or 0. 10%) were found wanting – less than in 2003 (0. 15%) but more than in 2005 (0. 02%) – mainly in terms of offending human dignity (51 cases) and on account of the recrudescence of pornochic ads for luxury goods – particularly for clothing (e. . , Dolce Gabbana). The results for 2008 were even better, with only 46 infractions and a decrease in pornochic ads (ARPP 2009) although these statistics did not cover the Internet which even very young audiences know how to maneuver in order to find and recirculate sexually-related materials. For the ARPP even 46 violations were too many and suggested greater professional vigilance and education so that its first campaign in 2008 was entitled Sexe because pressure should be maintained for even better results (e. g. , against the objectification of women). Following the implementation of the 2008 Jury system (JDP) that solicits and handles complaints from the public, its first report for November 2008-December 2009 disclosed 24 valid ones of which 18 were related to the protection of human dignity and, in the majority of these cases, the complaint was upheld. Such public complaining and negative Jury decisions are 10 likely to persist because viral advertising on the Internet and word-of-mouth diffusion have created a huge recirculation of ads with sexual and violent content. 4 For that matter, the French self-regulatory system finds it sometimes problematic to handle new issues. Thus, the BVP report for 2005 acknowledged its hesitation about what to decide regarding a billboard showing two homosexual men kissing (Rainbow Attitude Campaign). On the one hand, such a highly visible public display would shock the public so that maximum prudence should be exercised; on the other, it would be discriminatory to oppose a homosexual kiss when heterosexual ones are frequently shown. This advertisement was not found to be in violation of any public regulation or private rule – an example of how this self-regulatory body relies on both the law and its own Recommendations to control the use of sex in advertising. The new 2008 ARPP system of â€Å"professional regulation† has been publicly recognized in several ways. Thus, a 5 March 2009 law, which transposed into French legislation the recent European Union directive on audiovisual services, did officially authorize the Superior Audiovisual Council (CSA) to delegate the preclearance of television commercials to the ARPP. Besides, the Paris Appeals Court stated on 26 October 2010 that â€Å"recommendations from the ARPP, even though they have no legal character, are professional practices that the judge must take into account if they do not contradict a legal or statutory measure. Moreover, professional regulation is now acknowledged and accepted by the French government which through several â€Å"Commitment Charters† (see above) has implicitly agreed not to regulate or ban certain practices but requires in exchange an effective system of adequate guidelines as well as an accountability evidenced by periodic and transparent mon itorings and reports. These agreements amount to a system of â€Å"co-regulation† between public and private 4 Neither French nor U. S. egulators have found effective ways of controlling the diffusion of illegal or inappropriate Internet materials except through the obligation put on Internet Service Providers to remove illegal materials, on advertisers to warn about the sexual content of their messages, and on broadcasters to offer parents program-filtering devices. 11 actors who concert and collaborate in the public interest, and help generate a sense of responsibility among advertising professionals now convinced that their industry cannot claim its freedom of speech if it cannot prove its responsibility (Teyssier 2004, 2011). A Brief Comparison with the U. S. System In the first place, the French have focused on protecting the dignity of all human beings and forbidding all types of discrimination in advertising while, in the United States, the problem has been framed in terms of protecting minors at the relatively modest price of adults losing only part of their free-speech right as far as the broadcasting media are concerned. 5 To be sure, other U. S. edia can still offer indecent and profane materials but they are supposed to reach better targeted audiences excluding minors. Second, compared to the French situation, politically weaker and less affluent U. S. consumer associations have exercised relatively little influence on the government in recent decades, the National Organization for Women has limited its sway to the â€Å"naming and shaming† of sexist advertisers, and even the very influential religious movement did not succeed in its campaigns to â€Å"cleanse American culture† (Lane 2006). Third, in both countries, the government has been the main actor for the control of taste and decency in advertising, with self-regulation a strong second in France and a seemingly weaker one in the United States – largely because of First-Amendment and antitrust constraints (Rotfeld 2003). Yet, the lack of a French-like self-regulatory organization designed to study social trends, develop and publicize detailed guidelines, advise practitioners, solicit and handle complaints, and penalize wrongdoers has not precluded multiple U. S. nitiatives that add up to a control system Following various Supreme-Court decisions, obscenity and pornography are prohibited in all media while indecency and profanity are forbidden on radio and television except between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM when children are unlikely to be in the audience. 5 12 that can respond fairly rapidly and effectively to complaints. All U. S. media have a pre-clearance system and most offensive ads are withdrawn by the adv ertiser or no longer diffused by a medium (Edelstein 2003) although some researchers challenge this positive evaluation (e. . , Rotfeld 1992). Besides, most sexual ads find their niches thanks to behavioral targeting and because the vast majority of sex-related ads match the programs where they are shown. Fourth, on account of various Supreme-Court decisions, U. S. government agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) have had to severely limit their control of indecent and profane materials in programs and advertisements. Thus, the FTC has rejected any â€Å"immoral, unscrupulous or unethical test† because the latter has never been relied upon as an independent basis for proving unfairness. Besides, the â€Å"secondaryeffects rationale† used by some family associations, U. S. legislators and regulators to justify further restrictions on account of their presumed effects on children and society – e. g. , fostering immorality and feeding the prurient appetites of pedophiles and child molesters – has not been accepted by the U. S. Supreme Court (Beales 2003). In contrast, such secondary effects have been used to justify all sorts of French proscriptions such as the ARPP Recommendation that Internet ads should not harm the â€Å"physical and moral integrity of its young public† (see above). Fifth, in both France and the United States, advertising practitioners believe that industry rules devised and applied by them are preferable because they know better what the problems and their realistic solutions are, and self-regulation generates greater moral adhesion than the law because industry guidelines are voluntarily developed and applied (Boddewyn 1992, pp. -8) even though it tends to improve only when the threat of regulation is real (Loubradou 2010). In this regard, there is increasing collaboration between governments and the advertising industry as evidenced by the French Commitment Charters while, in the United States, the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureaus has received the 3 blessing of the Federal Trade Commission which, under the â€Å"safe harbor† provision of the 1998 Child Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), can approve industry guidelines that help implement this law – a practice which also applies to the Entertainment Software Rating Board which assigns age and content ratings to computer- and video-game ads, and which has been favorably evaluated by the FTC (Bravin 2010, p. B1). Finally, while governments, family and consumer associations in both countries are presently very concerned about personal-data privacy, behavioral targeting and the promotion of fatty, salty and sweet foods to children, â€Å"sex-in-advertising† remains an important issue because of the potential risk that sexualized violence in ads and the media may contribute to the desensitization of people and the socialization of aggressive behavior toward women (Capella et al. 2010, p. 45; Liptak 2010, p. A16). In this context, our analysis of the French cultural, political, legal and ethical dimensions of this issue can help us understand under what conditions the above concerns can lead to its meaningful and effective public and private control. References ARPP (2008), Bilan 2007: Publicite et Image de la Personne Humaine. Paris : Autorite de Regulation Professionnelle de la Publicite. _____ (2009), Bilan 2008: Publicite et Image de la Personne Humaine. Paris : Autorite de Regulation Professionnelle de la Publicite. Beales, J. H. III (2003), â€Å"The Federal Trade Commission’s Use of Unfairness Authority: Its Rise, Fall and Resurrection,† Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 22(2), Fall, 192-200. Boddewyn, Jean J. (1989), Sexism and Decency in Advertising: Government Regulation and Industry Self-regulation in 47 Countries. New York: International Advertising Association. _______________ (1991), â€Å"Controlling Sex and Decency in Advertising Around the World,† Journal of Advertising, 20(4), 25-35. _______________ (1992), Global Perspectives on Advertising Self-Regulation: Principles and Practices in Thirty-Eight Countries. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. 14 Bravin, Jess (2010), â€Å"Top Court Is Next Level for Games,† Wall Street Journal, 1 November, B1. BVP (2006), L’Image de la Personne Humaine dans la Publicite en 2006. Paris : Bureau de Verification de la Publicite. BVP (2006), Rapport d’Activite 2005. Paris : Bureau de Verification de la Publicite. BVP (2007), Rapport d’Activite 2006. Paris : Bureau de Verification de la Publicite. Capella, Michael L. , Ronald P. Hill, Justine M. Rapp, and Jeremy Kees (2010), â€Å"The Impact of Violence Against Women in Advertisements,† Journal of Advertising, 39(4), 35-49. Davidson, Kirk (2003), Selling Sin: The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products. Westport, CT: Praeger. Edelstein, J. S. (2003), â€Å"Self-Regulation of Advertising: An Alternative to Litigation and Government Action,† IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology, 43: 509-543. Giddens, A. (1993), The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Lane, F. S. (2006), The Decency Wars: The Campaign to Cleanse American Culture. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Liptak, Adam (2010), â€Å"Law Blocking Sale of Violent Video Games to Minors is Debated,† New York Times, 3 November, A16. Loubradou, Esther (2004), â€Å"Du Sexe pour Capter l’Attention : Les Aspects Juridiques de l’Utilisation du Sexe dans la Publicite Francaise. † Memoire de Recherche, Social Sciences University, Toulouse, France. _______________ (2010), â€Å"Porno-chic et Indecence Mediatique : Contributions Interdisciplinaires sur les Enjeux Socio-Juridiques et Communicationnels des Contenus Sexuels dans les Medias de Masse Francais et Americains,† doctoral dissertation (Law and Communication), Social Science University, Toulouse, France. McNair, B. (1996), Mediated Sex: Pornography and Post-Modern Culture. London and New York: Arnold. _________ (2002), Striptease Culture, Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. Rapport IFM (2008), Rapport sur l’Image des Femmes dans les Medias. Paris: Commission de Reflexion sur l’Image des Femmes dans les Medias, 25 September. Rapport IFP (2001), Rapport du Groupe d’Experts sur l’Image des Femmes dans la Publicite. Paris: Secretaire d’Etat aux Droits des Femmes et a la Formation Professionnelle, July. 15 Reichert, Tom (2003), The Erotic History of Advertising. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Richards, Jef I. (2009), â€Å"Common Fallacies in Law-Related Consumer Research,† Journal of Consumer Affairs, 43(1), 174-180. Rotfeld, Herbert J. (1992), â€Å"Power and Limitations of Media Clearance Practices and Advertising Self-Regulation,† Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 11(Spring), 87-95. ______________ (2003), â€Å"Desires Versus the Reality of Self-Regulation,† Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(2), 424-427. _______________ and M. R. Stafford (2007), â€Å"Toward a Pragmatic Understanding of the Advertising and Public Policy Literature,† Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 29(1), 67-80. _______________ and Charles R. Taylor (2009), â€Å"Advertising Regulation and Self-Regulation Issues Ripped from the Headlines With (Sometimes Missed) Oppor tunities for Disciplined Multidisciplinary Research,† Journal of Advertising, 38(4), 5-14. Teyssier, Jean-Pierre (2004), Frapper sans Heurter: Quelle Ethique pour la Publicite? Paris: Armand Colin. _________________ (2011), â€Å"Advertising Regulation and Self-Regulation in France. † Working paper to be published as a chapter in a forthcoming book edited by Mary Alice Shaver and to be published by M. E. Sharpe. Trumbull, Gunnar (2006), Consumer Capitalism: Politics, Product Markets, and Firm Strategy in France and Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. How to cite Control of Sex in Advertising, Essay examples

Methods of replacing the wear parts of the cone crusher Essay Example For Students

Methods of replacing the wear parts of the cone crusher Essay Cone crusher crushing ratio, high efficiency low energy consumption , uniform particle size suitable for secondary and tertiary crushing of various ores and rocks . Cone crusher is a kind in many industries are widely used crusher. In its production process, in order to improve the efficiency to cone crusher. Reduce operating costs, improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, can start from a few practical experience below. Here is the summary of Great Wall Heavy Industry company professional engineers for everyone on methods f cone crusher wear parts replacement. 1 . Methods of cone crusher wall replacement Cone crusher wall and cone crusher body is fixed together with zinc alloy. Therefore,for a new installation or replacement of a new cone crusher wall should check the tightening case to make sure to tighten reliable after working for 6-8 hours. 2. The gear meshing. Circular plate is worn due to process in the work Of the cone crusher by friction, and a direct result of some influence on the gear gap. The bottom of cover without gasket can not ensure normal meshing gears-Gaskets thickness added is depending on the degree of wear. . Installation of bearings and seals. That you install the bowl bearings must be careful to not let the rope to break retaining ring. When assembled, scraping support sphere, should guarantee a certain gap 4. As a third transition with cylindrical bushings and frame body, Injection a zinc alloy into the tank in the upper part of bush can be good to avoid the turning of the bush, When to place of the bush should follow the actual size of the frame body preparation so as to normal operation .